The Red Kaganate

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Various Symbols "Other heraldic motifs were used by the clans which formed the Sassanian aristocracy and, like western European heraldry but unlike the subsequent Islamic period, these could be handed down from one generation to the next." (Nicolle, Sourcebook) [In Russia] "...the use of a shield as a symbol of peace may have been introduced from Scandinavia." (Nicolle, Sourcebook) "The crescent and star which later became a widespread Muslim symbol was at first mostly seen in areas where pre-Islamic and Sassanian tradition survived. For a long time the crescent continued to have non-Islamic associations, though it appears to have become popular in Turkish-Muslim areas during the 12th and 13th centuries. A detailed inventory of the ceremonial garments worn by an Ottoman ruler, written in 1348, specifies a red coat decorated with crescents, and a red banner though this had no crescent or star." (Nicolle, Sourcebook) Citations to "Nicolle, Sourcebook" are to - David Nicolle, Medieval Warfare Sourcebook: Christian Europe and its Neighbors, Brokhampton Press, London, 1998.